巴尔扎克身世？

巴尔扎克 Balzac· Honore de/Honore de Balzac （1799.5.20－1850.08.18）

19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表．他创作的《人间喜剧》被称为法国社会的“百科全书”，共91部小说，写了两千四百多个人物，展示了19世纪上半叶法国社会生活的画卷．

巴尔扎克1799年5月20日生于法国中部的图尔城。15岁随父母迁居巴黎。17岁入法科学校就读，课余曾先后在律师事务所和公证人事务所当差，同时旁听巴黎大学的文学讲座，获文学学士衔。20岁开始从事文学创作，以笔名发表过许多不成功的剧本和小说。为维持生计，1825－1828年期间先后从事出版业和印刷业，皆告失败，负债累累。经过探索和磨炼，巴尔扎克走上现实主义文学创作道路。1829年出版的长篇小说《最后一个舒昂党人》，初步奠定了在文学界的地位。1831年发表的长篇小说《驴皮记》为他赢得声誉，成为法国最负盛名的作家之一。他早有把自己的作品联系成一个有机整体的设想。1841年他在但丁《神曲》的启示下，正式把自己作品的总名定为《人间喜剧》并在《“人间喜剧”前言》中宣称要做社会历史的“书记”；认为社会环境陶冶人，因此应着力于“人物和他们的思想的物质表现”；要求作家具有“透视力”和“想象力”；注重对地理环境和人物形体的确切描写。从1829-1849年，巴尔扎克为《人间喜剧》写出了91部作品，包括长篇、中篇、短篇小说和随笔等，分为《风俗研究》、《哲学研究》和《分析研究》三个部分。长篇小说《欧也妮·葛朗台》（1833）、《高老头》（1834）、《幻灭》（1837-1843）、《农民》（1845）、《贝姨》（1846）等。

法国伟大的批判现实主义作家巴尔扎克在他二十余年的写作生涯中，写出了九十一部不朽的传世之作.在这些作品中，他一共塑造了两千四百多个不同类型的人物形象，给后世子孙留下了宝贵的艺术珍品.人们不禁要问，巴尔扎克是怎样利用这样短暂的时间来创作这么多的世界名著的呢？巴尔扎克有个创作时间表：从半夜到第二天中午工作，也就是说在椅子上坐十二个小时，专心修改稿件和写作。然后，从中午到下午四点阅读各种报刊杂志，五点用餐，五点半才上床睡觉，到半夜又起床继续工作.法国一位传记作家介绍时说：“每三天巴尔扎克的墨水瓶就得重新装满一次，并且得用掉十个笔头。”

巴尔扎克的时间表启示我们：要想在有限的生命中在写作上取得一定成就，没有坚韧不拔的意志和争分夺秒的拼搏精神是难以做到的。（见《应用写作》学术月刊1987年第1期《巴尔扎克的时间表》）他硕大无朋的脑袋，装满了对这个罪恶世界的悲愤，他魁梧健壮的身体，洋溢着对生活的痛苦与欢乐，他的代表作《人间喜剧》揭露了人性中的种种丑陋，他的独具个性的幻想与写作，为世界文学史上建立了一座丰碑。（传记-文学界-法国《巴尔扎克》）

通过《人间喜剧》，巴尔扎克“提供了一部法国‘社会’特别是巴黎‘上流社会’的卓越的现实主义历史。”他的作品“是对上流社会必然崩溃的一曲无尽的挽歌”，“他看到了他心爱的贵族们灭亡的必然性”。——恩格斯

Honoré de Balzac (French pronunciation: (20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of almost 100 novels and plays collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the fall of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1815.

Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous authors, including the novelists Marcel Proust, ?mile Zola, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Marie Corelli, Henry James, Jack Kerouac, and Italo Calvino as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich Engels. Many of Balzac\'s works have been made into films, and they continue to inspire other writers.

An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting himself to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life, and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed as a legal clerk, but he turned his back on law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician. He failed in all of these efforts. La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.

Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, he married Ewelina Hańska, his longtime love; he died five months later.

高老头简介：

Le Père Goriot (English: Father Goriot or Old Goriot) is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), included in the Scènes de la vie privée section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine. Set in Paris in 1819, it follows the intertwined lives of three characters: the elderly doting Goriot; a mysterious criminal-in-hiding named Vautrin; and a naive law student named Eugène de Rastignac.

Originally published in serial form during the winter of 1834–35, Le Père Goriot is widely considered as Balzac\'s most important novel.[1] It marks the first serious use by the author of characters who had appeared in other books, a technique that distinguishes Balzac\'s fiction and makes La Comédie humaine unique among bodies of work. The novel is also noted as an example of his realist style, using minute details to create character and subtext.

The novel takes place during the Bourbon Restoration, which brought about profound changes in French society; the struggle of individuals to secure upper-class status is ubiquitous in the book. The city of Paris also impresses itself on the characters – especially young Rastignac, who grew up in the provinces of southern France. Balzac analyzes, through Goriot and others, the nature of family and marriage, providing a pessimistic view of these institutions.

The novel was released to mixed reviews. Some critics praised the author for his complex characters and attention to detail; others condemned him for his many depictions of corruption and greed. A favorite of Balzac\'s, the book quickly won widespread popularity and has often been adapted for film and the stage. It gave rise to the French-language expression \"Rastignac\", a social climber willing to use any means to better his situation.